Ngemva kwe-a uphahla oluhlanganisiwe lwe-photovoltaics (BIPV). ifakiwe, omunye wemisebenzi ye-O&M enganakwa kalula ukuhlanza.
Imiklamo iyabuyekezwa, ukwakhiwa kuyahlolwa, futhi ukuxhumana kwegridi kuyahlolwa. Kodwa ukuhlanza ngokuvamile akunakwa kangako. Ngesikhathi umnikazi ebona ukwehla kokuphehlwa kukagesi, ukulahlekelwa kokungcolisa kungenzeka ukuthi sekunqwabelene unyaka wonke.
Lo mhlahlandlela uphendula imibuzo emithathu ebalulekile: Mangakanani amandla okukhiqiza amandla alahlekayo ngaphandle kokuhlanza? Uphahla lwe-BIPV kufanele luhlanzwe kangaki? Futhi ingahlanzwa kanjani ngaphandle kokulimaza uhlelo?
Izindleko Zokunganaki Ukuhlanzeka: Mangakanani Amandla Alahleka Ekungcoleni?
Isimo Sezulu Sinquma Isilinganiso Sokulahleka Kwenhlabathi
Ukulahleka kwenhlabathi akulungisiwe. Zincike emvuleni yendawo, uthuli olugcwele emoyeni, i-module tilt angle, isivinini somoya, nezinye izimo zemvelo.
| Isimo Sezulu | Ukulahlekelwa Kwenhlabathi Yonyaka | Izimpawu Ezisemqoka |
| Izimo zezulu ezihlanzekile ezinemvula njalo | 1%–2% | Imvula inikeza ukuhlanza okungokwemvelo okukhulu |
| INyakatho-mpumalanga ne-Midwestern United States | 2%–4% | Ukungcoliswa kwesizini, neqhwa ebusika |
| INingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States | 4%–10% | Izimo ezomile nemvula elinganiselwe |
| Izindawo zezolimo zaseCentral California | 6%–12% | Uthuli lwezolimo oluhlanganiswe nezimo ezomile |
| Izifunda eziwugwadule zaseNdiya, kuhlanganise neRajasthan | 8%–15% | Izinkathi ezomile zingahlala izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye |
| Middle East | 12%–25% | Iziphepho zothuli ezivamile kanye nemvula encane kakhulu |
| Izindawo ezisagwadule emngceleni weSahara | 15%–30% | Izimo zokungcolisa ngokwedlulele |
Imojula efanayo ye-PV ingase ihlangabezane nokulahlekelwa kokungcolisa okuhluke kakhulu kwaminyaka yonke eJalimane naseSaudi Arabia. Umehluko ungaba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kashumi. Amasu okuhlanza akufanele asetshenziswe ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izimakethe. Kudingeka zihambisane nesimo sezulu sendawo kanye nezimo zendawo.
Ukuthi Ukungcola Kuthinta Kanjani Ukusebenza Kwe-PV
Ukungcola kuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko.
Okokuqala: Ukudluliselwa kokukhanya okuncishisiwe. Izinhlayiya zothuli zimunca futhi zibonise ukukhanya kwelanga okungenayo, zehlise inani lokukhanya okufinyelela kumaseli elanga futhi zehlise ukuphuma kwamandla.
Okwesibili: Ukuwohloka kokusebenza okungaqondile njengoba ukungcoliswa kunqwabelana. Lapho ukuminyana kokungcolisa kufinyelela ezingeni elithile, umthelela ekusebenzeni ungaba mubi kakhulu. Uma kubikiwe ukuminyana kokungcolisa okungu-20 g/m², i-short-circuit current ingehla ngo-15%–21%, kuyilapho ukusebenza kahle kungase kwehle ngo-15%–35%, kuye ngezimo zokuhlola nezici zezinto ezidiphozithiwe.
Okwesithathu: Izindawo ezishisayo zasendaweni ezibangelwa ukungcoliswa okungalingani. Lapho ezinye izindawo zemojula ziqoqa ukungcola okuningi kakhulu kunezinye, ukufiphaza okuyingxenye kungenzeka. Amaseli anomthunzi angase achithe amandla kunokuba awakhiqize, adale izindawo ezishisayo zendawo ezisheshisa ukuguga kwezinto futhi ezingase zilimaze imojuli.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindleko Ezilula
Cabangela uhlelo lophahla lwe-BIPV lwezentengiselwano nolwezimboni lwe-1 MW, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi konyaka okungu-1,200 MWh kanye nenani likagesi lika-$0.15/kWh.
- Imali engenayo kagesi yonyaka: Cishe u-$180,000
- Ukulahlekelwa kwemali engenayo ngo-10% wokulahlekelwa kokungcolisa minyaka yonke: Cishe u-$18,000
- Izindleko zokuhlanza zonyaka ku-$0.01/W: Cishe u-$10,000
Ezifundeni ezomile, imbuyiselo yezindleko zokuhlanza ngokuvamile isukela ku-1:1.5 ukuya ku-1:2. Ezifundeni ezinemvula, ingase yehlele ngaphansi kuka-1:1, okwenza ukuhlanza kungabi namali.
Kufanele Ihlanzwe Kangaki Uphahla Lwe-BIPV?
Setha Imvamisa Yokuhlanza Ngokuvumelana Nendawo
| Izimo Zemvelo | Imvamisa Yokuhlanza Ephakanyisiwe | Ukucatshangelwa Okubalulekile |
| Izimo zezulu ezipholile nezinemvula enemvula engaphezu kuka-800 mm ngonyaka | 1-2 izikhathi ngonyaka | Ikakhulukazi susa ubulongwe bezinyoni, ubisi lwesihlahla, nokunye ukungcola okuqhubekayo |
| Izindawo zezimboni ezijwayelekile | 2-4 izikhathi ngonyaka | Cabangela izinga lokufakwa kothuli lwezimboni |
| Izindawo zasemadolobheni nezindawo eziseduze nemigwaqo emikhulu | 3-4 izikhathi ngonyaka | Izinhlayiya ezihlobene nethrafikhi zinganamathela ngokuqinile endaweni |
| Izifunda ezomile nezinothuli | Kanye ngenyanga ngesikhathi esomile | Cabangela ukuhlanza okwengeziwe phakathi namahora angu-48 ngemva kwesiphepho sothuli, uma kuphephile futhi kusebenza |
| Izifunda ezome kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika | Njalo emavikini angu-1-2 ngesikhathi esomile | Izehlakalo zothuli njalo zingadinga ukuqapha okujulile |
Iphuzu elilodwa elivame ukunganakwa: Ukuhlanza ngemva kwesiphepho sothuli kufanele kuze kuqala kunesimiso sokuhlanza esivamile. Isehlakalo sothuli esinzima singafaka uthuli oluningi ngendlela evamise ukunqwabelana ngayo phakathi nenyanga yonke.
Sebenzisa i-Performance Ratio (PR) njengesiqalisi sokuhlanza
Uma isistimu ye-PV inenkundla yokuqapha, ukucupha ukuhlanzwa okusekelwe esilinganisweni sokusebenza (PR) kungaba ukonga kakhulu kunokulandela ishejuli egxilile.
Indlela engokoqobo iwukusungula ijika eliyisisekelo le-PR futhi ucabangele ukuhlanza lapho i-PR elinganisiwe yehla ngo-2% uma kuqhathaniswa nesisekelo. Lo mkhawulo ungasiza ekuboneni ukulahleka kokungcolisa okungaba khona ngenkathi ugwema ukuhlanzwa okungadingekile.
Kodwa-ke, i-PR ingase yehle ngenxa yezinguquko ze-inverter ukusebenza kahle, izinga lokushisa lemojula, amaphutha emishini, ukuwohloka, noma ezinye izimo zokusebenza. Lezi zici kufanele ziphenywe ngaphambi kokuthi ukwehla kubangelwa ukungcoliswa.
Izindlela Zokuhlanza Uphahla lwe-BIPV: Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezindleko
Izindlela Zokuhlanza Ezivamile
| Indlela Yokuhlanza | Ukusetshenziswa Amanzi | Izindleko Ezihlobene | Izicelo Ezijwayelekile | Ukuhlanza Ukusebenza |
| Ukuhlanza mathupha ngebhulashi elithambile namanzi | 1–2 L imojuli ngayinye | Phezulu; umsebenzi onzima | Uphahla oluncane kanye namajometri ophahleni ayinkimbinkimbi | Kuhle kakhulu |
| Amarobhothi okuhlanza okomile | Lutho | Maphakathi; ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala okuphezulu | Uphahla olukhulu, oluyisicaba kanye nezitshalo ze-PV ezibekwe phansi | Kuhle |
| Amarobhothi afafaza amanzi | 0.5–1 L module ngayinye | Maphakathi | Uphahla olukhulu lwezentengiselwano nezimboni | Kuhle kakhulu |
| Ukuhlanza okusizwa yi-drone | Phansi | Phezulu | Amaphahla aphakeme noma okunzima ukuwafinyelela | Kuphakathi |
| Ukuxubha okomile noma ukususwa kothuli okusekelwe ekudlidlizeni | Lutho | Phansi | Izifunda ezingenamanzi | Kuphakathi |
Izindleko zokuhlanza zonyaka ngokuvamile zisukela ku-$0.005 ukuya ku-$0.02 iwathi ngayinye, kuye ngokufinyeleleka kophahla, izindleko zabasebenzi, nendlela yokuhlanza esetshenzisiwe.
Tyena Iqhaza Le-Anti-Soiling Coatings
Izembatho eziphikisana ne-soiling, kufaka phakathi i-hydrophilic nano-hydrophobic nano-coatings, akuyona indawo yokuhlanza. Kunalokho, zisiza ukunciphisa ukunqwabelana kokungcola futhi zandise izikhawu zokuhlanza.
Ukuhlolwa kwensimu kubike ukuthi amamojula e-PV anezingubo zokulwa nokungcolisa aqoqa uthuli oluncane ngo-30% -40% phakathi kwemijikelezo yokuhlanza kunamamojula angavaliwe. Kodwa-ke, izimpilo zesevisi yokumboza ezibikiwe ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ezinyangeni eziyi-18-24 kuye eminyakeni emi-3-5. Ukuqina kwangempela kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokumelene nedatha yokuhlola yomhlinzeki.
Nakuba ama-anti-soiling coatings edinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu okungaphambili, anganciphisa inani lemisebenzi yokuhlanza cishe ngokukodwa kokuthathu esikhathini eside. Ezifundeni ezomile, ezinothuli, ukutshalwa kwezimali ngokuvamile kungathethelelwa ngokwezomnotho.
Amaphutha amane Ajwayelekile Okuhlanza Uphahla lwe-BIPV
Ukusebenzisa Amanzi Aqinile
Lokhu kungaba elinye lamaphutha okuhlanza abiza kakhulu.
Uma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba enengqikithi yokuncibilika okuqinile (i-TDS) engaphezu kuka-500 ppm, amanzi afuthwe engilazini eshisayo angase ahwamuke ngokushesha, ashiye idiphozithi ye-calcium ne-magnesium. Ngemuva kwemijikelezo engu-3–4 yokuhlanza, lezi zimali ezifakwayo zingabangela ukuncipha unomphela ngo-2%–4% ekudluliselweni kokukhanya kwengilazi futhi kungase kube nzima noma kungenzeki ukukususa.
Umkhuba onconyiwe: Sebenzisa amanzi e-reverse-osmosis (RO) noma amanzi ahlanganisiwe, ane-TDS elawulwa ngaphansi kuka-50 ppm.
Ukuhlanza Ngesikhathi Sokushisa Okuphakeme Kwasemini
Ukufafaza amanzi abandayo kumamojula e-PV emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-60°C kungadala ukucindezeleka okushisayo engilazini, okungase kubangele ama-microcracks noma, ezimweni ezinzima, ukuphuka kwengilazi.
Ukwenza okunconyiwe: Hlanza ekuseni kakhulu noma ntambama, lapho amazinga okushisa emojuli eseduze nezinga lokushisa le-ambient.
Ukuhlanza Kakhulu Kakhulu
Ezindaweni ezinenhlabathi ephansi, ukuhlanza kwanyanga zonke kungase kubize ngaphezu kokufanele ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okwengeziwe. Okunye okukhathazayo ukugqoka kwangaphandle. Ukuxubha okomile nokuklwebha kungashiya imihuzuko emincane engilazini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuklwebheka kungase kunciphise ukudluliswa kokukhanya, okungase kuqede izinzuzo zokuhlanza.
Ukusebenzisa ama-ejenti okuhlanza
Amanye ama-ejenti okuhlanza angalimaza i-anti-reflective (AR) enamathela engilazini. Izingubo ze-AR zingathuthukisa ukudluliswa kokukhanya cishe ngo-2%–3%, kuye ngomkhiqizo. Uma i-coating yonakalisiwe, enye yale nzuzo yokusebenza ingase ilahleke unomphela.
Ukwenza okunconyiwe: Sebenzisa amanzi ahlanzekile nebhulashi elithambile. Ukungcola okunenkani, okufana nobulongwe bezinyoni noma ubisi lwesihlahla, sebenzisa indwangu ethambile efakwe amanzi ukuze uhlanze indawo ethintekile.
Izinqumo Ezintathu Zokuklama Ezingehlisa Izindleko Zokuhlanza
I-Roof Tilt kanye ne-Drainage Izindlela
Indawo yophahla ene-engeli etshekile engu-15° noma ngaphezulu ingazuza ekugelezeni okusizwa amandla adonsela phansi, kusize ukususa uthuli olunqwabelene kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuhlanzeka kwemvelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zemvula.
Izindlela zokudonsa amanzi kufanele zenzelwe ukuvimbela amanzi amile. Uma amanzi amile ehwamuka, angashiya amabala amanzi kanye nama-mineral deposits okunzima ukuwasusa kunothuli oluxekethile.
Ukuhlanza Izindlela Zokufinyelela
Ophahleni olukhulu, izindlela zokuhlanza kanye nezindlela zokufinyelela eziphephile kufanele zifakwe ekwakhiweni kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngaphandle kwemizila yokufinyelela ezinikele, izindleko zokuhlanza zingase ziphindeke kabili ngenxa yokuthi izinto zokusebenza azikwazi ukufika ophahleni ngendlela efanele futhi namapayipi angase angambozi zonke izindawo.
Ukuphepha kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe, okuhlanganisa nezinsimbi zokugada, izindawo okukhokhwa kuzo izintambo zokuphila, kanye nezinhlelo ezifanele zokuvikela ukuwa.
Izixhumanisi Zokulondolozwa
Gcina indawo yokuxhuma amanzi, izindawo zokudonsa amanzi, nezindawo zokugcina izinto zokusebenza. Lezi zinhlinzeko ngokuvamile azibizi ukuze zifakwe phakathi nokwakhiwa. Ukuzilungisa kabusha ngemva kokuthunywa kungase kudinge ukuguqulwa ophahleni oluqediwe, okwandisa kokubili izindleko kanye nokuphazamiseka kokusebenza.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q1: Ingabe uphahla lwe-BIPV ludinga ukuhlanzwa? Ahluke kanjani ezinhlelweni ezijwayelekile ze-PV?
Yebo. Njengoba amamojula e-BIPV eyingxenye yophahla ngokwalo, ukuhlanza akumelwe kucabangele ukukhiqiza amandla kuphela kodwa nokubukeka kophahla nokuvimbela amanzi. Umehluko owodwa oyinhloko ukuthi amamojula e-BIPV ngokuvamile awaklanyelwe ukusekela ithrafikhi yonyawo, futhi eminye imikhiqizo inemikhawulo ethile yokuthwala umthwalo. Ukuhlanza imizila nezinqubo zokungena kumele zakhelwe ngqo uhlelo.
Q2: Ingabe imvula ingangena esikhundleni sokuhlanza okwenziwa ngesandla?
Ingxenye. Imvula ingasusa uthuli oluxekethile, kodwa ngokuvamile ayisebenzi ekungcoleni okunenkani okufana nobulongwe bezinyoni, ubisi lwezihlahla, nezinsalela zikawoyela wezimboni. Ngisho nasezifundeni ezinemvula, ukuhlanza ngesandla kungase kudingeke izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngonyaka.
I-Q3: Ingabe ukuhlanza kungalimaza amamojula we-PV?
Ukuhlanza kahle kufanele kunciphise ingozi yomonakalo. Izingozi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa amadiphozi amaminerali abangelwa amanzi aqinile, ukucindezeleka okushisayo okuvela ekuhlanzeni amamojula ashisayo ngamanzi abandayo, kanye nemihuzuko ebangelwa izinto ezilimazayo noma amabhulashi aqinile. Ukulandela imiyalelo yokuhlanza yomkhiqizi nokugwema le mikhuba kungasiza ukuvikela amamojula.
Sebenzisa le fomula elula: I-Cleaning Cost Ratio = Izindleko Zokuhlanza Zonyaka ÷ (Ukulahlekelwa Kwendawo Yokuhlabathi × Imali Engenayo Yonyaka Kagesi)
Isilinganiso esingaphansi kuka-1 sibonisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwemali engenayo elinganiselwe elinganiselwe kudlula izindleko zokuhlanza, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlanza kungase kuzuze ngokwezomnotho. Ezifundeni ezomile, isilinganiso singase sibe ngu-0.5, kanti ezindaweni ezinemvula singase sisondele noma sidlule u-1.
Q5: Ingabe ama-anti-soiling coatings afanele ukutshalwa kwezimali?
Angase abe usizo ezifundeni lapho ukulahlekelwa kokungcolisa ngonyaka kudlula u-8%. Okunye ukuhlola kwenkundla kubike ukuthi okokuvikela ukungcolisa kunganciphisa ukunqwabelana kothuli ngo-30%–40%, okungenzeka kwehlise imvamisa yokuhlanza. Ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphansi lokungcolisa, nokho, imbuyiselo yokutshalwa kwezimali ingase ibe nomkhawulo.
Udinga isu lokuhlanza elenzelwe indawo yakho yephrojekthi ye-BIPV?
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